Chapter 1: The Birth of Modern Physics
| 1.1
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Classical Physics of the 1890s
Mechanics
Electromagnetism
Thermodynamics
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| 1.2
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The Kinetic Theory of Gases
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| 1.3
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Waves and Particles
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| 1.4
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Conservation Laws and Fundamental Forces
Fundamental Forces
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| 1.5
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The Atomic Theory of Matter
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| 1.6
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Unresolved Questions of 1895 and New Horizons
On the Horizon
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Summary
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Chapter 2: Special Theory of Relativity
| 2.1
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The Need for Ether
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| 2.2
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The Michelson-Morley Experiment
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| 2.3
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Einstein's Postulates
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| 2.4
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The Lorentz Transformation
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| 2.5
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Time Dilation and Length Contraction
Time Dilation
Length Contraction
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| 2.6
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Addition of Velocities
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| 2.7
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Experimental Verification
Muon Decay
Atomic Clock Measurement
Velocity Addition
Testing Lorentz Symmetry
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| 2.8
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Twin Paradox
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| 2.9
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Spacetime
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| 2.10
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Doppler Effect
Special Topic: Applications of the Doppler Effect
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| 2.11
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Relativistic Momentum
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| 2.12
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Relativistic Energy
Total Energy and Rest Energy
Equivalence of Mass and Energy
Relationship of Energy and Momentum
Massless Particles
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| 2.13
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Computations in Modern Physics
Binding Energy
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| 2.14
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Electromagnetism and Relativity
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Summary
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Chapter 3: The Experimental Basis of Quantum Theory
| 3.1
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Discovery of the X-Ray and the Electron
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| 3.2
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Determination of Electron Charge
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| 3.3
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Line Spectra
Special Topic: The Discovery of Helium
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| 3.4
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Quantization
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| 3.5
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Blackbody Radiation
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| 3.6
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Photoelectric Effect
Experimental Results of Photoelectric Effect
Classical Interpretation
Einstein's Theory
Quantum Interpretation
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| 3.7
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X-Ray Production
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| 3.8
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Compton Effect
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| 3.9
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Pair Production and Annihilation
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Summary
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Chapter 4: Structure of the Atom
| 4.1
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The Atomic Models of Thomson and Rutherford
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| 4.2
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Rutherford Scattering
Special Topic: Lord Rutherford of Nelson
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| 4.3
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The Classical Atomic Model
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| 4.4
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The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
The Correspondence Principle
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| 4.5
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Successes and Failures of the Bohr Model
Reduced Mass Correction
Other Limitations
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| 4.6
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Characteristic X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number
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| 4.7
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Atomic Excitation by Electrons
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Summary
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Chapter 5: Wave Properties of Matter and Quantum Mechanics I
| 5.1
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X-Ray Scattering
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| 5.2
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De Broglie Waves
Special Topic: Cavendish Laboratory
Bohr's Quantization Condition
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| 5.3
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Electron Scattering
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| 5.4
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Wave Motion
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| 5.5
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Waves or Particles?
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| 5.6
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Uncertainty Principle
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| 5.7
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Probability, Wave Functions, and the Copenhagen Interpretation
The Copenhagen Interpretation
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| 5.8
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Particle in a Box
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Summary
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Chapter 6: Quantum Mechanics II
| 6.1
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The Schrödinger Wave Equation
Normalization and Probability
Properties of Valid Wave Functions
Time-Independent Schrödinger Wave Equation
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| 6.2
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Expectation Values
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| 6.3
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Infinite Square-Well Potential
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| 6.4
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Finite Square-Well Potential
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| 6.5
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Three-Dimensional Infinite-Potential Well
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| 6.6
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Simple Harmonic Oscillator
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| 6.7
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Barriers and Tunneling
Potential Barrier with E > V0
Potential Barrier with E < V0
Potential Well
Alpha-Particle Decay
Special Topic: Scanning Probe Microscopes
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Summary
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Chapter 7: The Hydrogen Atom
| 7.1
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Application of the Schrödinger Equation to the Hydrogen Atom
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| 7.2
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Solution of the Schrödinger Equation for Hydrogen
Separation of Variables
Solution of the Radial Equation
Solution of the Angular and Azimuthal Equations
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| 7.3
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Quantum Numbers
Principal Quantum Number n
Orbital Angular Momentum Number l
Magnetic Quantum Number ml
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| 7.4
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Magnetic Effects on Atomic Spectra -- The Normal Zeeman Effect
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| 7.5
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Intrinsic Spin
Special Topic: Hydrogen and the 21-cm Line Transition
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| 7.6
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Energy Levels and Electron Probabilities
Selection Rules
Probability Distribution Functions
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Summary
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Chapter 8: Atomic Physics
| 8.1
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Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Inert Gases
Alkalis
Alkaline Earths
Halogens
Transition Metals
Lanthanides
Actinides
Special Topic: Rydberg Atoms
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| 8.2
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Total Angular Momentum
Single-Electron Atoms
Many Electron Atoms
LS Coupling
jj Coupling
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| 8.3
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Anomalous Zeeman Effect
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Summary
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Chapter 9: Statistical Physics
| 9.1
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Historical Overview
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| 9.2
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Maxwell Velocity Distribution
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| 9.3
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Equipartition Theorem
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| 9.4
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Maxwell Speed Distribution
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| 9.5
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Classical and Quantum Statistics
Classical Distributions
Quantum Distributions
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| 9.6
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Fermi-Dirac Statistics
Introduction to Fermi-Dirac Theory
Classical Theory of Electrical Conduction
Quantum Theory of Electrical Conduction
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| 9.7
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Bose-Einstein Statistics
Blackbody Radiation
Liquid Helium
Special Topic: Superfluid 3He
Bose-Einstein Condensation in Gases
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Summary
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Chapter 10: Molecules and Solids
| 10.1
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Molecular Bonding and Spectra
Molecular Bonds
Rotational States
Vibrational States
Vibration and Rotation Combined
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| 10.2
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Stimulated Emission and Lasers
Scientific Applications of Lasers
Holography
Quantum Entanglement, Teleportation, and Information
Other Laser Applications
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| 10.3
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Structural Properties of Solids
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| 10.4
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Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Solids
Thermal Expansion
Thermal Conductivity
Magnetic Properties
Diamagnetism
Paramagnetism
Ferromagnetism
Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism
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| 10.5
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Superconductivity
The Search for a Higher Tc
Special Topic: Low-Temperature Methods
Superconducting Fullerenes
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| 10.6
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Applications of Superconductivity
Josephson Junctions
Maglev
Generation and Transmission of Electricity
Other Scientific and Medical Applications
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Summary
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Chapter 11: Semiconductor Theory and Devices
| 11.1
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Band Theory of Solids
Kronig-Penney Model
Band Theory and Conductivity
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| 11.2
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Semiconductor Theory
Special Topic: The Quantum Hall Effect
Thermoelectric Effect
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| 11.3
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Semiconductor Devices
Diodes
Bridge Rectifiers
Zener Diodes
Light-Emitting Diodes
Photovoltaic Cells
Transistors
Field Effect Transistors
Schottky Barriers
Semiconductor Lasers
Integrated Circuits
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| 11.4
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Nanotechnology
Carbon Nanotubes
Nanoscale Electronics
Nanotechnology and the Life Sciences
Information Science
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Summary
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Chapter 12: The Atomic Nucleus
| 12.1
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Discovery of the Neutron
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| 12.2
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Nuclear Properties
Sizes and Shapes of Nuclei
Intrinsic Spin
Intrinsic Magnetic Moment
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| 12.3
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The Deuteron
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| 12.4
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Nuclear Forces
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| 12.5
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Nuclear Stability
Nuclear Models
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| 12.6
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Radioactive Decay
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| 12.7
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Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
Alpha Decay
Beta Decay
Special Topic: Neutrino Detection
Gamma Decay
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| 12.8
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Radioactive Nuclides
Time Dating Using Lead Isotopes
Radioactive Carbon Dating
Special Topic: The Formation and Age of the Earth
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Summary
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Chapter 13: Nuclear Interactions and Applications
| 13.1
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Nuclear Reactions
Cross Sections
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| 13.2
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Reaction Kinematics
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| 13.3
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Reaction Mechanisms
The Compound Nucleus
Direct Reactions
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| 13.4
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Fission
Induced Fission
Thermal Neutron Fission
Chain Reactions
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| 13.5
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Fission Reactors
Nuclear Reactor Problems
Breeder Reactors
Special Topic: Early Fission Reactors
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| 13.6
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Fusion
Formation of Elements
Nuclear Fusion on Earth
Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions
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| 13.7
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Special Applications
Medicine
Archaeology
Art
Crime Detection
Mining and Oil
Materials
Small Power Systems
Special Topic: The Search for New Elements
New Elements
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Summary
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Chapter 14: Elementary Particles
| 14.1
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Early Discoveries
The Positron
Yukawa's Meson
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| 14.2
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The Fundamental Interactions
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| 14.3
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Classification of Elementary Particles
Leptons
Hadrons
Particles and Lifetimes
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| 14.4
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Conservation Laws and Symmetries
Baryon Conservation
Lepton Conservation
Strangeness
Symmetries
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| 14.5
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Quarks
Quark Description of Particles
Color
Confinement
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| 14.6
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The Families of Matter
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| 14.7
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Beyond the Standard Model
Neutrino Oscillations
Matter-Antimatter
Grand Unifying Theories
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| 14.8
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Accelerators
Special Topic: Experimental Ingenuity
Synchrotrons
Linear Accelerators
Fixed-Target Accelerators
Colliders
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Summary
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Chapter 15: General Relativity
| 15.1
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Tenets of General Relativity
Principle of Equivalence
Spacetime Curvature
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| 15.2
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Tests of General Relativity
Bending of Light
Gravitational Redshift
Perihelion Shift of Mercury
Light Retardation
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| 15.3
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Gravitational Waves
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| 15.4
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Black Holes
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| 15.5
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Frame Dragging
Special Topic: Gravity Probe B
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Summary
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Chapter 16: Cosmology -- The Beginning and the End
| 16.1 |
Evidence of the Big Bang
Hubble's Measurements
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Nucleosynthesis
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| 16.2 |
The Big Bang |
| 16.3 |
Stellar Evolution
The Ultimate Fate of Stars
Special Topic: Planck's Time, Length, and Mass
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| 16.4 |
Astronomical Objects
Active Galactic Nuclei and Quasars
Gamma Ray Astrophysics
Novae and Supernovae
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| 16.5 |
Problems with the Big Bang
The Inflationary Universe
The Lingering Problems
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| 16.6 |
The Age of the Universe
Age of Chemical Elements
Age of Astronomical Elements
Cosmological Determinations
Universe Age Conclusion
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| 16.7 |
The Future
The Demise of the Sun
Where Is the Missing Mass?
Speical Topic: Future of Space Telescopes
The Future of the Universe
Are Other Earths Out There?
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Summary
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